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Damage Repair Costs in Four Low-Speed Crash Tests at just 5 MPH

Conducted by the Insurance Institue for Highway Safety

Bumpers should protect car bodies from damage in low-speed collisions, the kind that frequently occur in congested urban traffic. But many don't. The Institute conducts four 5 mph crash tests to assess bumper performance: front-into-flat-barrier, rear-into-flat-barrier, front-into-angle-barrier, and rear-into-pole. Vehicles are listed in alphabetical order by manufacturer.

NOTE: Repair costs are as of January 2003

LARGE LUXURY CARS

MODELS	Front into flat barrier	Rear into angle barrier	Front into angle barrier	Rear into pole	All four tests	Average damage per test
ACURA 2002 Models	$461	$149	$1613	$2188	$4411	$1103
BMW S SERIES 1997 Models	$498	$431	$1712	$1212	$3853	$963
BUICK PARK AVENUE 1999 Models	$210	$261	$639	$899	$2009	$502
CADILLAC CTS 2003 Models	$531	$648	$1460	$2049	$4688	$1172
CADILLAC SEVILLE 2000 Models 1997 Models	$626 $338	$177 $218	$858 $643	$645 $991	$2306 $2190	$548 $548
INFINITI Q45 2003 Models 1997 Models	$657 $375	$1252 $611	$2661 $1661	$1208 $1312	$5778 $3959	$1445 $990
LEXUS GS 1998 Models	$262	$283	$1991	$424	$2960	$740
LEXUS LS 2001 LS 430 Models 1998 LS 400 Models*	$96 $738	$437 $434	$1696 $2286	$815 $548	$3044 4006	$1002 $1002
LINCOLN CONTINENTAL 1997 Models	$0	$19	$957	$351	$1327	$332
LINCOLN LS 2000 Models	$0	$549	$1239	$1407	$3195	$799
LINCOLN TOWN CAR 2003 Models	$559	$1099	$1771	$1160	$4589	$1147
MERCEDES E CLASS 1997 Models	$442	$1228	$2113	$2715	$6498	$1625

* The front end of the 1998 LS 400 not tested, because no significant changes to the front bumper system were made between the 1997 and 1998 models. It was assumed that the 1997 front-into-flat-barrier and front-into-angle-barrier damage results are also applicable to the 1998 model.

LARGE FAMILY CARS

BUICK LESABRE 2000 Models	$318	$93	$1188	$706	$2305	$576
CHEVROLET IMPALA 2000 Models	$678	$914	$794	$377	$2763	$691
CHRYSLER LHS 1999 Models	$731	$294	$598	$1048	$2671	$668
DODGE INTREPED 1999 Models	$132	$322	$486	$1425	$2365	$591
FORD TAURUS 2000 Models 1996 Models 1995 Models	$70 $0 $343	$0 $0 $355	$875 $756 $208	$713 $653 $2475	$1658 $1409 $3470	$415 $352 $868
PONTIAC GRAND PRIX 1997 Models	$454	$93	$397	$1074	$2018	$505

MIDSIZE INEXPENSIVE CARS

CHEVROLET CAVALIER

PONTIAC SUNFIRE

1995 Models

$513

$264

$820

$799

$2396

$599

CHEVROLET MALIBU

OLDSMOBILE CUTLASS

1999 Models

$719

$418

$645

$692

$2474

$619

DAEWOO LEGANZA

1999 Models

$364

$546

$1237

$985

$3132

$783

DODGE STRATUS

CHRYSLER CIRRUS

2001 STRATUS Model

1995 CIRRUS Model

$295

$435

$189

$776

$682

$311

$1589

$1643

$2755

$3165

$689

$791

FORD CONTOUR

MERCURY MISTIQUE

1998 Models

$305

$572

$1070

$1459

$3406

$852

HONDA ACCORD

2003 Models *

1998 Models

1995 Models

$335

$190

$357

$266

$323

$121

$423

$776

$823

$332

$228

$558

$1356

$1517

$1859

$339

$379

$465

HYUDAI SONATA

1999 Models

1996 Models

$353

$861

$310

$1086

$1432

$1055

$1944

$2804

$4237

$701

$1059

MAZDA 626

1999 Models

$156

$573

$988

$194

$1911

$478

MITSUBISHI GALLANT

1999 Models

1995 Models

$209

$893

$512

$274

$881

$836

$267

$1838

$1869

$3841

$467

$960

NISSAN ALTIMA

2002 Models

2000 Models

$288

$450

$614

$19

$1641

$427

$678

$814

$3221

$1710

$805

$428

PONTIAC GRAND AM

1999 Models

$286

$1403

$1057

$2746

$687

SATURN L SERIES

2000 Models

$151

$418

$313

$882

$221

SUBARU LEGACY

2000 Models

1995 Models

$397

$367

$96

$386

$730

$836

$351

$816

$1574

$2405

$394

$601

TOYOTA CAMRY

2002 Models *

1997 Models

1995 Models

$243

$126

$320

$384

$104

$259

$725

$495

$1039

$650

$1175

$2112

$1375

$2793

$528

$344

$698

* The pole test of the Honda Accord was conducted off-center because of reinforcement in the middle of the rear bumper system that is effective in only a narrow range of impacts.

** The pole test was conducted off-center because of reinforcement in the middle of the rear bumper system that is effective in only a narrow range of impacts.

MIDSIZE MODERATELY PRICED CARS

ACURA TL 2002 Models	$296	$436	$898	$1011	$2641	$660
AUDI A4 2002 Models	$0	$0	$494	$371	$865	$216
HYUNDAI XG350 2002 Models	$1085	$765	$617	$852	$3319	$830
MAZDA MILLENIA 1995 Models	$148	$376	$1178	$873	$2575	$644
NISSAN MAXIMA INFINITI I30 2000 Models 1998 Models 1995 Maxima Models	$1065 $299 $512	$347 $192 $244	$439 $724 $814	$739 $320 2376	$2590 $1535 $3946	$648 $384 $987
SAAB 9-3 1999 Models	$0	$152	$679	$1447	$2278	$570
SAAB 900 1994 Models	$0	$0	$1109	$1514	$2623	$656
TOYOTA AVALON 2000 Models 1998 Models	$341 $511	$407 $331	$648 $746	$607 $312	$2003 $1900	$501 $475
VOLKSWAGEN PASSAT 1998 Models 1995 Models	$184 $650	$0 $858	$761 $958	$314 $1234	$1260 $3700	$315 $925
VOLVO 850 1995 Models	$370	$318	$835	$1480	$3003	$751

MIDSIZE LUXURY CARS

AUDI A6 1999 Models	$0	$0	$1070	$1090	$2160	$540
BMW 328i 2000 Models	$0	$1039	$797	$722	$2558	$640
CADILLAC CATERA 1999 Models	$900	$711	$1057	$1748	$4416	$1104
JAGUAR X-TYPE 2002 Models	$1254	$739	$2539	$2502	$7034	$1759
LEXUS ES300 2002 Models *	$234	$557	$522	$553	$1866	$467
LEXUS IS 300 2002 Models	$979	$418	$1348	$1191	$3936	$984
MERCEDES C 320 2001 Models	$707	$1191	$980	$2813	$5691	$1423
SAAB 9-5 2002 Models 1999 Models	$670 $107	$1042 $126	$1469 $1262	$1268 $937	$4449 $2432	$1112 $608
VOLVO S60 2002 Models	$769	$322	$759	$1642	$3492	$873
VOLVO S80 2000 Models **	$4194	$390	$1099	$1697	$7380	$1845

* The pole test was conducted off-center because of reinforcement in the middle of the rear bumper

system that is effective in only a narrow range of impacts.

** The repair cost from the front-into-flat barrier test includes the cost to replace airbags, which depolyed.

SMALL CARS

DODGE/PLYMOUTH NEON

2000 Models

1997 Models

$385

$151

$93

$104

$444

$390

$1197

$607

$2119

$1252

$530

$313

FORD FOCUS

2000 Models

1997 ESCORT Models

$33

$291

$1338

$188

$635

$876

$1033

$604

$3039

$1959

$760

$490

HONDA CIVIC

2001 Models*

1997 Models

$441

$66

$537

$109

$430

$954

$298

$546

$1706

$1675

$427

419

HYUNDAI ELANTRA

2001 Models

1999 Models

1997 Models

$257

$576

$291

$44

$432

$406

$1243

$842

$184

$1826

$847

$1871

$3391

$212

$468

$848

KIA SEPHIA

1999 Models

1997 Models

$391

$447

$513

$755

$836

$1284

$1455

$2486

$3195

$622

$799

MAZDA PROTEGE

2000 Models**

1999 Models

1997 Models

$204

$658

$367

$693

$162

$1095

$529

$538

$2582

$721

$2204

$4574

$2070

$551

$1144

$518

MINI COOPER

2002 Models

$839

$223

$1498

$639

$3199

$800

MITSUBISHI LANCER

2002 Models

$347

$522

$1224

$1011

$3104

$776

MITSUBISHI MIRAGE

1997 Models

$662

$263

$993

$1107

$3025

$756

NISSAN SENTRA

2000 Models

1998 Models

$302

$484

$327

$1169

$785

$327

$59

$2125

$1328

$531

$332

SATURN SL

1997 Models

$126

$78

$584

$788

$197

SUBARU IMPREZA

2002 Models

$413

$456

$606

$2515

$629

SUZUKI AERIO

2002 Models

$771

$819

$1475

$1460

$4525

$1131

TOYOTA COROLLA***

2003 Models

$289

$234

$337

$322

$1182

$296

TOYOTA COROLLA

CHEVROLET PRIZM

1998 Models

$381

$290

$274

$945

$236

VOLKSWAGEN JETTA

1999 Models

1997 Models

$151

$158

$52

$744

$852

$162

$269

$1109

$1279

$277

$320

VOLKSWAGEN BEETLE

1998 Model

$19

$190

$209

$52

VOLVO S40

2002 Models

$414

$435

$1124

$1212

$3185

$769

* At Honda's request, the front-into-angle barrier impact was repeated for the Civic. Results were identical.

** The front end of the 2000 Protege was not tested because no significant changes to the front bumper system were made between the 1999 and 2000 models. It was assumed that the 1999 front-into-flat barrier and front-into-angle barrier damage results are also applicable to the 2000 model.

*** The pole test of the Toyota Corolla was conducted off-center because of reinforcement in the middle of the rear bumper system that is

effective in only a narrow range of impacts.

LARGE PICKUPS

CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500 2001 Models	$861	$999	$2258	$609	$4727	$1182
DODGE RAM 1500 2002 Models 2001 Models	$757 $2181	$948 $1581	$1128 $2510	$1014 $2192	$3847 $8464	$962 $2116
FORD F-150 2001 Models	$1284	$1373	$1215	$1927	$5799	$1450
TOYOTA TUNDRA 2001 Models	$1445	$1582	$2313	$1929	$7269	$1817

SMALL PICKUPS

CHEVROLET S-10 GMC SONOMA 1998 Models	$518	$37	$1823	$407	$2785	$696
DODGE DAKOTA 1998 Models	$484	$1477	$1312	$1376	$4649	$1162
FORD RANGER MAZDA B SERIES 1998 Models	$200	$399	$1567	$1368	$3534	$884
NISSAN FRONTIER 1998 Models	$1258	$251	$1881	$1270	$4760	$1190
TOYOTA TACOMA 1998 Models	$1083	$951	$2173	$356	$4564	$1141

MIDSIZE UTILITY VEHICLES

ACURA MDX 2001 Models	$130	$334	$716	$812	$1992	$498
BMW X5 2001 Models	$1300	$294	$1398	$196	$3188	$797
BUICK RENDEZVOUS 2002 Models	$246	$865	$1219	$3957	$6287	$1572
CHEVROLET BLAZER GMC JIMMY 1996 Models	$666	$1093	$1840	$1377	$4976	$1244
CHEVROLET TRAILBLAZER 2002 Models	$845	$0	$917	$753	$2515	$629
DODGE DURANGO 1999 Models * 1999 Models **	$1707 $1707	$784 $784	$1956 $1956	$1962 $1370	$6409 $5817	$1602 $1454
FORD EXPLORER 2002 Models 1996 Models	$1248 $933	$277 $1516	$2530 $2453	$1752 $1173	$5807 $6075	$1452 $1519
ISUZU AXIOM 2002 Models	$1008	$712	$1645	$1598	$4963	$1241
ISUZU RODEO HONDA PASSPORT 2000 Models 1996 Models	$1895 $1419	$962 $2762	$2057 $2287	$546 $2709	$5460 $9177	$1365 $2294
ISUZU TROOPER 2000 Models	$3089	$3052	$2470	$4059	$12670	$3168
JEEP GRAND CHEROKEE 1999 Models 1996 Models	$870 $805	$1167 $1858	$1955 $2253	$2519 $2144	$6511 $7060	$1628 $1765
JEEP LIBERTY 2002 Models	$833	$1878	$1727	$1627	$6065	$1516
LAND ROVER DISCOVERY 1999 Models 1996 Models	$1030 $760	$1282 $2585	$2678 $3061	$888 $1443	$5878 $7849	$1470 $1962
LEXUS RX 300 1999 Models	$480	$351	$1529	$1283	$3643	$911
MERCEDES M CLASS 1999 Models	$477	$129	$1039	$1705	$3350	$838
MITSUBISHI MONTERO 2001 Models 1996 Models	$1288 $569	$2597 $2910	$2668 $2121	$2961 $1314	$9514 $6914	$2379 $1729
MITSUBISHI MONTERO SPORT 1999 Models	$1320	$1489	$2447	$2113	$7369	$1842
NISSAN PATHFINDER INFINITI QX4 1997 Models	$1034	$1729	$2924	$3336	$9023	$2256
NISSAN XTERRA 2000 Models	$706	$985	$2064	$1108	$4863	$1216
PONTIAC AZTEK 2001 Models	$411	$417	$539	$2534	$3901	$975
SUZUKI GRAND VITARA XL-7 2001 Models	$698	$1692	$1591	$2175	$6156	$1539
TOYOTA 4-RUNNER 1996 Models	$957	$2315	$2287	$2905	$8464	$2116
TOYOTA HIGHLANDER 2001 Models	$664	$426	$1480	$559	$3129	$782
VOLVO XC90 2003 Models	$774	$888	$722	$2238	$4622	$1156

* First test, in which tailgate opened on impact

** Second test, with improved rear bumper (on later-production Durango). Tailgate remained fully latched on impact.

SMALL UTILITY VEHICLES

FORD ESCAPE MAZDA TRIBUTE 2001 Models	$306	$829	$765	$742	$2642	$661
HONDA CR-V 2002 Models 1998 Models	$505 $1096	$2505 $902	$870 $567	$2727 $1188	$6607 $3753	$1652 $938
HONDA ELEMENT 2003 Models	$512	$346	$697	$594	$2149	$537
HYUNDAI SANTA FE 2001 Models	$539	$1504	$1578	$1988	$5609	$1402
ISUZU AMIGO 1998 Models	$725	$1673	$1540	$2043	$5981	$1495
JEEP CHEROKEE 1998 Models	$652	$824	$1448	$1553	$4477	$1119
JEEP WRANGLER 1998 Models	$0	$1376	$444	$1202	$3022	$756
KIA SPORTAGE 1998 Models	$809	$2882	$1271	$3086	$8048	$2012
LAND ROVER FREELANDER 2002 Models	$932	$2727	$719	$2096	$6474	$1619
MITSUBISHI OUTLANDER 2003 Models	$959	$984	$1042	$1217	$4202	$1051
SATURN VUE 2002 Models *	$416	$556	$1179	$1335	$3486	$872
SUBARU FORESTER 2003 Models	$359	$110	$717	$271	$1457	$364
SUZUKI GRAND VITARA 1999 Models	$321	$1649	$1423	$2653	$6046	$1512
TOYOTA RAV4 2001 Models 1998 Models	$1601 $489	$2639 $1897	$1025 $1151	$2719 $2377	$7984 $5914	$1996 $1479

PASSENGER VANS

CHEVROLET ASTRO

GMC SAFARI

1996 Models

$1699

$939

$2147

$1172

$5957

1489

DODGE GRAND CARAVAN

CHRYSLER TOWN & COUNTRY

2001 Models

1996 Models

$350

$884

$902

$442

$760

$1266

$2426

$2179

$4438

$4771

$1110

$1193

FORD WINDSTAR

1999 Models

1995 Models

$367

$92

$379

$929

$1289

$1420

$2035

$2441

$509

$610

HONDA ODYSSEY

1999 Models

1996 Models

$485

$93

$277

$539

$151

$1154

$181

$634

$1094

$2420

$274

$605

KIA SEDONA

2002 Models *

$4382

$1304

$1271

$3025

$9982

$2496

MAZDA MPV

2000 Models

1996 Models

$1575

$715

$940

$1330

$1485

$1499

$1134

$586

$5134

$4130

$1284

$1033

NISSAN QUEST

MERCURY VILLAGER

1999 Models

1996 Models

$534

$363

$725

$688

$304

$1678

$1392

$2900

$348

$725

PONTIAC TRANSPORT

OLDSMOBILE SILHOUETTE

CHEVROLET VENTURE

1997 Models

$679

$454

$1063

$2869

$5065

$1266

TOYOTA SIENNA

1998 Models

$477

$139

$729

$988

$2333

$583

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